內(nèi)窺鏡是一種常用的醫(yī)療器械，經(jīng)人體的自然孔道或經(jīng)手術(shù)做的小切口進(jìn)入人體內(nèi)，使用時(shí)將內(nèi)窺鏡導(dǎo)入預(yù)檢查的器官，可直接窺視有關(guān)部位的變化。下面內(nèi)窺鏡設(shè)備維修人員來講講內(nèi)窺鏡設(shè)備的分類、結(jié)構(gòu)與功能事項(xiàng)。

Endoscope is a commonly used medical instrument. It enters the human body through a natural orifice or a small incision made by surgery. When it is used, the endoscope is introduced into the organs to be examined, and the changes of the relevant parts can be directly observed. Next, the maintenance personnel of endoscope equipment will talk about the classification, structure and function of endoscope equipment.

（1）腦內(nèi)窺鏡

(1) Brain endoscope

（2）耳鼻喉內(nèi)窺鏡

(2) Otorhinolaryngoscope

（3）胸腔鏡

(3) Thoracoscope

（4）支氣管內(nèi)窺鏡

(4) Bronchoscope

（5）上消化道通用內(nèi)窺鏡

(5) General endoscope of upper digestive tract

（6）腹腔鏡

(6) Laparoscopy

（7）十二指腸鏡

(7) Duodenoscope

（8）胰管鏡

(8) Pancreaticoscope

（9）膽道鏡

(9) Choledochoscope

（10）小腸內(nèi)窺鏡

(10) Small intestine endoscope

（11）大腸內(nèi)窺鏡

(11) Large intestine endoscope

（12）直腸鏡

(12) Rectoscope

臨床上根據(jù)內(nèi)窺鏡鏡身能否改變方向進(jìn)行分類：分為硬質(zhì)鏡和彈性軟鏡兩種。硬鏡鏡身主體不可彎曲或扭轉(zhuǎn)，主要進(jìn)入人體無菌組織、器官或經(jīng)外科切口進(jìn)入人體無菌腔室，如腹腔鏡、關(guān)節(jié)鏡、椎間盤鏡等。軟鏡鏡身柔軟可彎，主要通過人體自然腔道來完成檢測、診斷和，如胃鏡、腸鏡、喉鏡等。

Clinically, the endoscope can be classified according to whether it can change its direction: it is divided into two types: rigid mirror and elastic soft mirror. The main body of rigid mirror can not be bent or twisted. It mainly enters the sterile tissues and organs of human body or enters the sterile cavity of human body through surgical incision, such as laparoscope, arthroscope, intervertebral disc mirror, etc. The body of the soft mirror is flexible and flexible, mainly through the natural cavity of the human body to complete detection, diagnosis and treatment, such as gastroscope, enteroscope, laryngoscope, etc.

按內(nèi)窺鏡所到達(dá)的部位不同進(jìn)行分類：分為耳鼻、口腔內(nèi)窺鏡、牙科內(nèi)窺鏡、神經(jīng)鏡、尿道膀胱鏡、輸尿管鏡、腎鏡、電切鏡、腹腔鏡、關(guān)節(jié)鏡、血管內(nèi)腔鏡、鼻竇鏡、喉鏡等。

It is classified according to the location of the endoscope: otorhinoscope, oral endoscope, dental endoscope, neuroscope, urethrocystoscope, ureteroscope, nephroscope, electroscope, laparoscopy, arthroscope, intravascular endoscope, sinusoscope, laryngoscope, etc.

醫(yī)用內(nèi)窺鏡的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)主要包括圖像采集、圖像后處理及照明方式。

The key technologies of medical endoscope mainly include image acquisition, image post-processing and lighting mode.

圖像采集系統(tǒng)一般由成像鏡頭、微型圖像傳感器、采集和處理電路等部分組成。其中圖像傳感器是感受光學(xué)圖像信息并轉(zhuǎn)換成可用輸出信號(hào)的傳感器，是組成數(shù)字?jǐn)z像頭的重要組成部分，可分為電荷耦合元件（CCD）和和金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體元件（CMOS）兩大類，與CCD相比，CMOS具有體積小、耗電量低、成本低、高度系統(tǒng)整合等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。CCD技術(shù)被日企壟斷，CMOS國內(nèi)外差距不大，有望替代CCD。

Image acquisition system is generally composed of imaging lens, micro image sensor, acquisition and processing circuit, etc. Among them, image sensor is a sensor that senses optical image information and converts it into usable output signal. It is an important part of digital camera. It can be divided into charge coupled device (CCD) and metal oxide semiconductor device (CMOS). Compared with CCD, CMOS has the advantages of small size, low power consumption, low cost and high system integration. CCD technology is monopolized by Japanese enterprises, and CMOS has a small gap at home and abroad, and is expected to replace CCD.

圖像后處理：降噪算法在提升圖像質(zhì)量方面發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵性的作用，有助于運(yùn)動(dòng)模糊問題；另外邊緣增強(qiáng)也是一種非常重要的圖像處理技術(shù)，它能幫助醫(yī)生更地查看組織中的非正?，F(xiàn)象，如生成對(duì)比度較強(qiáng)烈的血管視圖、改進(jìn)組織紋理圖像以及粘膜表面圖像的視圖質(zhì)量等。

Image post-processing: noise reduction algorithm plays a key role in improving image quality, helping to solve the problem of motion blur; In addition, edge enhancement is also a very important image processing technology, which can help doctors more comprehensively view abnormal phenomena in tissues, such as generating blood vessel views with strong contrast, improving the view quality of tissue texture images and mucosal surface images.

照明色彩的還原性是否良好直接關(guān)系到整個(gè)內(nèi)窺鏡的性能。光單元通常由氙燈或者金屬鹵素?zé)襞輼?gòu)成，主要由功率電子系統(tǒng)組成。還有相關(guān)內(nèi)窺鏡事項(xiàng)就來咨詢我們http://www.tukouzhao.cn吧！

The restoration of lighting color is directly related to the performance of the whole endoscope. The light unit is usually composed of xenon lamp or metal halide bulb, mainly composed of power electronic system. If you have any questions about endoscope, please consult us http://www.tukouzhao.cn Come on!