1. Fiberscope

纖維內(nèi)窺鏡體系由內(nèi)窺鏡鏡體和冷光源兩部分組成，鏡體內(nèi)有兩條光導(dǎo)纖維束: 一條叫光束，它是用來將冷光源發(fā)生的光線傳導(dǎo)到被觀測的物體外表，將被觀測物外表照亮;另一條叫像束，它是把數(shù)萬根直徑在1微米以下的光導(dǎo)纖維按一行一行順序擺放成一束，一端對準目鏡，另一端經(jīng)過物鏡片對準被觀測物外表，醫(yī)師經(jīng)過目鏡能夠非常直觀地看到臟器外表的狀況,便于及時準確地確診病情。例如，憑借內(nèi)窺鏡醫(yī)師能夠調(diào)查胃內(nèi)的潰瘍或腫瘤，據(jù)此制定出的計劃。?

The fiber endoscope system consists of two parts: the endoscope body and the cold light source. There are two optical fiber bundles in the endoscope body: one is called the light beam, which is used to conduct the light generated by the cold light source to the surface of the observed object and illuminate the surface of the observed object; The other is called image beam. It is a bundle of tens of thousands of optical fibers with a diameter of less than 1 μ m placed in line by line. One end is aimed at the eyepiece, and the other end is aimed at the appearance of the observed object through the object lens. The doctor can see the appearance of the organs directly through the eyepiece, which is convenient for timely and accurate diagnosis of the disease. For example, endoscopists can investigate gastric ulcers or tumors to develop the best treatment plan. ?

傳導(dǎo)圖畫的纖維束構(gòu)成了纖維內(nèi)鏡的中心部分，它由數(shù)萬根極細的玻璃纖維組成，依據(jù)光學的全反射原理，一切玻璃纖維外面有必要再被覆一層折射率較低的膜，以確保一切內(nèi)芯纖維傳導(dǎo)的光線都能發(fā)生全反射。單根纖維的傳遞只能發(fā)生一個光點，要想看到圖畫，就有必要把很多的纖維集成束，要想把圖畫傳遞到另一端也成相同的圖畫，就有必要使每一根纖維在其兩端所擺放的位置相同，稱為導(dǎo)像束。纖維內(nèi)窺鏡一般有兩個玻璃纖維管，光經(jīng)過其中之一進入體內(nèi)，醫(yī)師經(jīng)過另一個管或經(jīng)過一個攝像機來進行調(diào)查。

The fiber bundle conducting the picture forms the central part of the fiber endoscope, which is composed of tens of thousands of extremely fine glass fibers. According to the principle of total reflection of optics, it is necessary to cover a layer of film with low refractive index on the outside of all glass fibers to ensure that all the light conducted by the inner core fibers can have total reflection. The transmission of a single fiber can only take place at one light spot. To see a picture, it is necessary to integrate many fibers into a bundle. To transfer a picture to the other end into the same picture, it is necessary to place each fiber in the same position at both ends of the bundle, which is called the image guide bundle. Fiberoptic endoscopes usually have two fiberglass tubes. Light enters the body through one of them. Doctors conduct investigations through another tube or through a camera.

2、電子內(nèi)窺鏡

2. Electronic endoscope

隨著電子學和數(shù)字視頻技術(shù)的發(fā)展，與80年代出現(xiàn)了電子內(nèi)窺鏡，這樣便不再以光纖傳像，而代之以光敏集成電路攝像體系，簡稱CCD。微型圖畫傳感器的CCD 器件是電荷耦合器件，是在硅基片上制成的大規(guī)模面陣集成電路芯片，是一種全固態(tài)成像器件。CCD芯片憑借必要的光學體系(內(nèi)窺鏡先端物鏡)和專用的外圍驅(qū)動與信號處理電路，能夠?qū)⒕拔飯D畫經(jīng)過CCD面陣進行逐點、逐行、逐幀順次轉(zhuǎn)化 、存儲 、傳輸，在其輸出端發(fā)生一個景物圖畫相關(guān)的時序視頻信號經(jīng)電纜傳輸外部電路轉(zhuǎn)化處理體系經(jīng)取樣、A/D 轉(zhuǎn)化、數(shù)字信號處理、D/A轉(zhuǎn)化、電視信號編碼，終在監(jiān)視器上還原成可供調(diào)查的景物圖畫和相關(guān)文字信息。首要所能顯現(xiàn)的不但影像質(zhì)量好，光亮度強，并且圖畫大，能夠檢查出更細微的病變，并且電子內(nèi)窺鏡的外徑更細，圖畫更加明晰和直觀，操作便利。有些內(nèi)窺鏡甚還有微型集成電路傳感器，將所調(diào)查到的信息反饋給計算機。它不但能取得安排器官形態(tài)學的確診信息，并且也能對安排器官各種生理機能進行測定。With the development of electronics and digital video technology, electronic endoscope appeared in 1980s, so it is no longer transmitted by optical fiber, but instead by light-sensitive integrated circuit camera system, referred to as CCD. The CCD device of the miniature picture sensor is a charge coupled device, a large-scale array integrated circuit chip made on a silicon substrate, and an all solid-state imaging device. With the necessary optical system (endoscope first objective) and special peripheral drive and signal processing circuit, CCD chip can transform, store and transmit the scene pictures point by point, line by line, frame by frame through CCD array, and generate a sequential video signal related to the scene pictures at its output end, which is transmitted to the external circuit conversion processing system through cable, and then through sampling, a / d Conversion, digital signal processing, D / a conversion, TV signal coding, and finally restore the scene pictures and related text information available for investigation on the monitor. What can be shown above all is not only good image quality, strong brightness, but also large picture, which can detect more subtle lesions, and the outer diameter of the electronic endoscope is smaller, the picture is more clear and intuitive, and the operation is convenient. Some endoscopes even have micro integrated circuit sensors that feed the information back to the computer. It can not only obtain the diagnosis information of the arrangement organ morphology, but also measure the physiological functions of the arrangement organ.

電子內(nèi)窺鏡與纖維內(nèi)窺鏡的本質(zhì)區(qū)別

The essential difference between electronic endoscope and fiber endoscope

電子內(nèi)窺鏡構(gòu)造與纖維內(nèi)鏡構(gòu)造基本相同，簡略可理解為用 CCD 代替了導(dǎo)像束，很多功用是纖維內(nèi)窺鏡不能企及的。電子內(nèi)窺鏡與纖維內(nèi)窺鏡比較的不同之處是用被稱為微型圖畫傳感器的CCD器件取代了光導(dǎo)纖維傳象束。

The structure of the electronic endoscope is basically the same as that of the fiber endoscope. It can be simply understood that CCD is used to replace the image guide beam, and many functions cannot be achieved by the fiber endoscope. The biggest difference between the electronic endoscope and the fiber endoscope is that the CCD device called the miniature picture sensor is used instead of the optical fiber image beam.

另：

The other: